Hormones: Steroid & Peptide, Specialized Topics
Last Updated: February 18, 2026 Structure and Function of Hormones The integration of body functions in humans and other higher organisms is carried out by the nervous system, the immune system, and the endocrine system. The endocrine system is composed of a number of...
Insulin & Diabetes, Specialized Topics
Last Updated: March 2, 2026 Introduction to Insulin Activities Insulin and Metabolism Insulin is a major metabolism regulating hormone secreted by β-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The major function of insulin is to counter the concerted actions of...
Biochemistry Topics, Carbohydrate Metabolism
Last Updated: February 23, 2026 Introduction to Glycogen Metabolism Glycogen is a polymer of glucose residues linked by α-(1,4)- and α-(1,6)-glycosidic bonds. Stores of readily available glucose, to supply the tissues of the body with an oxidizable energy source, are...
Biochemistry Topics, Carbohydrate Metabolism
Last Updated: March 7, 2026 Introduction to Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the biosynthesis of new glucose, (i.e. not glucose from glycogen). This process is frequently referred to as endogenous glucose production (EGP). The production of glucose from other carbon...
