The Signal Transduction Processes section contains posts/pages that discuss the numerous mechanisms of cellular signal transduction, the functions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the functions of numerous growth factors, and the signaling by Wnt, TGFbeta, and the SMAD proteins.
Last Updated: June 19, 2026 Introduction to the Hippo Signal Transduction Pathway The initial identification, of what has become termed the Hippo signaling pathway, was in Drosophila melanogaster studies looking for novel tumor suppressors. In these studies the...
Last Updated: May 22, 2026 Introduction to Tissue Kines Numerous tissues produce and secrete substances that act locally or at a distance but that are not defined by the classic definition of a hormone. These substances include metabolites, lipids, and bioactive...
Last Modified: October 22, 2025 Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Signaling The intracellular signaling pathways that involve nucleotides as effectors are quite broad. The details of the intracellular cyclic nucleotides in signal transduction processes are described in...
Last Updated: May 29, 2026 Cyclic Nucleotides in Signal Transduction Cyclic nucleotides represent a family of naturally occurring nucleotide analogs that act as second messengers in hormone and ion channel signal transduction processes. Structurally the cyclic...
Last Updated: January 20, 2026 G-Proteins G-proteins are so-called because their activities are regulated by binding and hydrolyzing GTP. When a G-protein is bound to GTP it is in the active ("on") state and when the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP the protein is in the...
Last Updated: February 3, 2026 The MAP Kinase (MAPK) Cascades The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) family constitutes a large family of 13 genes that encode serine/threonine kinases that are involved in a wide range of signal transduction cascades. This...
Last Updated: December 14, 2025 The Protein Kinase C (PKC) Family of Serine/Threonine Kinases The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases are integrated into numerous signal transduction pathways elicited by a wide range of GPCR and other growth...
Last Updated: May 22, 2026 Introduction to Mechanisms of Signal Transduction When discussing the process of signal transduction it can be defined at the cellular level as the movement of signals from outside the cell to inside. This page is designed to provide an...
Last Updated: May 28 2026 Phosphatases in Signal Transduction Substantial evidence links both tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation with increased cellular growth, proliferation and differentiation. Removal of the incorporated phosphates must be a necessary...
Last Updated: June 16, 2026 Phospholipases and Phospholipids in Signal Transduction Phospholipases and phospholipids are involved in the processes of transmitting ligand-receptor induced signals from the plasma membrane to intracellular proteins. The locations at...