Last Updated: February 17, 2026 Introduction to Hypoxia and Hypoxia Induced Factors Hypoxia represents the pathological condition that exist when there is lower than normal oxygen content and pressure within cells. The response of cells to hypoxic conditions includes...
Last Updated: July 1, 2026 Overview of Metabolism in Cancer Associations between altered metabolic pathways and cancer were first made nearly a century ago. Since then significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular and cellular basis for these...
Last Updated: April 2, 2026 Introduction to Tumor Suppressor Genes Tumor suppressor genes were first identified by making cell hybrids between tumor and normal cells. On some occasions a chromosome from the normal cell reverted the transformed phenotype. Several...
Last Updated: May 26, 2026 Introduction to Proto-oncogenes Most, if not all, cancer cells contain genetic damage that appears to be the responsible event leading to tumorigenesis. The genetic damage present in a parental tumorigenic cell is maintained (i.e. not...
Last Updated: May 26, 2026 BRCA1 Gene and Protein Functions The BReast CAncer 1, early onset gene (BRCA1) which encodes the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein was originally identified in 1994 as a causative gene in hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. The...