The Signal Transduction Processes section contains posts/pages that discuss the numerous mechanisms of cellular signal transduction, the functions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the functions of numerous growth factors, and the signaling by Wnt, TGFbeta, and the SMAD proteins.
Last Updated: February 19, 2025 Introduction to Tissue Kines Numerous tissues produce and secrete substances that act locally or at a distance but that are not defined by the classic definition of a hormone. These substances include metabolites, lipids, and bioactive...
Last Modified: December 4, 2024 Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Signaling The intracellular signaling pathways that involve nucleotides as effectors are quite broad. The details of the intracellular cyclic nucleotides in signal transduction processes are described in...
Last Updated: January 31, 2024 Cyclic Nucleotides in Signal Transduction Cyclic nucleotides represent a family of naturally occurring nucleotide analogs that act as second messengers in hormone and ion channel signal transduction processes. Structurally the cyclic...
Last Updated: February 19, 2025 G-Proteins G-proteins are so-called because their activities are regulated by binding and hydrolyzing GTP. When a G-protein is bound to GTP it is in the active ("on") state and when the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP the protein is in the...
Last Updated: February 3, 2025 The MAP Kinase (MAPK) Cascades The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) family constitutes a large family of 13 genes that encode serine/threonine kinases that are involved in a wide range of signal transduction cascades. This...
Last Updated: January 31, 2025 The Protein Kinase C (PKC) Family of Serine/Threonine Kinases The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases are integrated into numerous signal transduction pathways elicited by a wide range of GPCR and other growth...
Last Updated: February 19, 2025 Introduction to Mechanisms of Signal Transduction Signal transduction at the cellular level refers to the movement of signals from outside the cell to inside. The movement of signals can be simple, like that associated with receptor...
Last Updated: September 12, 2024 Phosphatases in Signal Transduction Substantial evidence links both tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation with increased cellular growth, proliferation and differentiation. Removal of the incorporated phosphates must be a...
Last Updated: February 19, 2025 Phospholipases and Phospholipids in Signal Transduction Phospholipases and phospholipids are involved in the processes of transmitting ligand-receptor induced signals from the plasma membrane to intracellular proteins. The locations at...
Last Updated: September 18, 2024 Introduction to Growth Factors The term growth factor is generally used to describe a protein or peptide whose function is predominantly, although not exclusively, related to the regulation of target tissue growth and potential...