The Signal Transduction Processes section contains posts/pages that discuss the numerous mechanisms of cellular signal transduction, the functions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the functions of numerous growth factors, and the signaling by Wnt, TGFbeta, and the SMAD proteins.
Last Updated: February 19, 2025 Introduction to the FXR Family The farnesoid X receptor was originally cloned as an orphan nuclear receptor. The original FXR was so-called because it was shown to be weakly activated by farnesol (an acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol...
Last Updated: September 11, 2024 Introduction to Liver X Receptor Family The liver X receptors were originally cloned based upon their nucleotide sequence homology to other nuclear receptors. Originally designated as "orphan" receptors, because no naturally occurring...
Last Updated: September 18, 2024 Introduction to the Wnt Family of Proteins The Wnt genes constitute a large family of cysteine-rich, secreted glycoproteins that are involved in critical aspects of early embryonic development. The term wnt is an amalgam...
Last Updated: September 11, 2024 Introduction to the PGC-1α The transcriptional co-activator PGC-1 alpha (PGC-1α) was initially identified as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ)-interacting protein from brown adipose tissue (BAT) that was...
Last Updated: October 17, 2024 Introduction to the PPAR Family The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors is composed of three family members: PPARα, PPARβ/δ (most commonly identified as PPARδ), and PPARγ. This transcription...
Last Updated: February 19, 2025 Introduction AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was first discovered as an activity that inhibited preparations of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA...